Institute of Development Studies

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Assessment of reproductive and child health services in Dispensaries under Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania (ELCT) Central Diocese in Iramba District, Singida Region, Tanzania
(St John's University of Tanzania, 2014-07-28) Edward, Ezekiel Gyunda
The purpose of this study was to make assessment of reproductive and child health services (RCHS) provided by dispensaries under the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania (ELCT) Central Diocese in Iramba district, Singida region, Tanzania” based in five years 2009 – 2013. A qualitative and quantitative approach, questionnaires, documentary and observation were used in this study. The total number of 80 respondents with gender balance of 40 male and 40 female were selected for the study. Five dispensaries from Iramba district were selected as the study sample. The data was analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The results of indicate that RCH Services were of good quality while on strengths (i) there is close and action - oriented supervision of all activities done by staff during official and emergency hours; (ii) there is positive mindset of staff aiming at rendering services effectively and efficiently; (iii) staff said that they were motivated by provision of extra hours allowances and sometime given off hours. On the side of capacity of dispensaries, it was found that every dispensary had only one mildwife out of the required two. Although there are many difficulties and a lot of challenges which were identified by this study, Reproductive and Child Health Services (RCHS) to the community are of fair quality, strength and capacity. However, these services are faced by number of challenges including Shortage of facilities; midwives; essential medicines; low salaries to workers; and lack of specialized RCH doctors together with ambulance and old buildings of dispensaries with dry water tap.
Contribution of community participation in water projects in Peri-urbarn Tanzania: A case of Dodoma Municipality
(St John's University of Tanzania, 2015-07-28) Daudi, Kitojo Fatuma
The paradigm shift from supply to demand oriented planning in rural water projects necessitated the need to involve community in water project management for sustainable water projects. This study was conducted in Dodoma Peri-Urban Areas with the objective of assessing contribution of community participation in water projects in Mkonze ward. A cross-sectional research design with a combination of methods was employed. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. Household questionnaire survey, key informant’s interview, focus group discussion and field observation were main methods used in data collection. A total of 126 respondents were randomly selected from two villages; seven key informants were purposeful sampled; and two focus group discussions were conducted. Data analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistical analysis, and content analysis. The study revealed that water is among a major problems and priority in development agendas. Major forms of community participation were attending meetings, contribution in form of cash and/or labour, and user fees, while level of community participation was found to be low to moderate. Results further showed that major challenges faced community participation in water projects including breakdown of water systems, lack of commitment in participation, poor leader’s accountability and lack of compensation on property loss due to water projects. Factors such as age, education, household size, and sense of ownership were found to enhance community participation, while sex and user fee affordability were found to constrain community participation. The study recommended the following: The community should be involved from the very onset of the water projects; more training related to water project management should be provided to the community; Local government should establish a water basket funds for supporting O & M of water projects; and Community and local government in particular should design mechanisms for compensation of property loss due to water projects
Assessment of the involvement of the community in improving primary education in Bahi District
(2015-07-28) Pendo, Jones Maiseli
This study assessed the involvement of the community in improving primary education in Bahi district. Specifically, the study aimed to assess methods employed by the community in improving primary education, identify strategies used by schools and education partners to involve the community, determine challenges encountered in the process of community involvement and suggest appropriate measures to improve community involvement in the program. 100 respondents were sampled through simple random sampling from the total population of 27,947 and 6,210 households in Chipanga and Bahi wards. A cross-sectional research design with a mixed method that includes both qualitative and quantitative research approaches was used. Data were collected using structured questionnaire, focus group discussion and key informant interview. Data analysis was done using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) computer software. Frequency tables and bar charts were used to present the findings. Results indicate that 96% of community members were involved in primary school programs although the extent of involvement differs among them. They assist their children to pursue primary education, and help schools with various activities. Mostly, their involvement is based on non-academic activities. The study also found out that primary education partners available in the study area are Local Government Authorities from sub-village to the district; schools and Civil Society Organizations. They involve the community by emphasizing on policy implementation; contribution of cash, labor and materials; representation in school committee; inviting them in meetings; and conducting trainings and information meetings. Challenges identified include less attention to academic activities; lack of commitment by community members; too many contributions in terms of cash, labor and materials; and poor attendance in meetings and others. Some measures suggested include awareness creation, attention to academic activities, encouragement and motivation for active involvement. The study recommends building the capacity of the community, and emphasizing on involvement in academic activities and decision making.
Food insecurity and household coping strategies in Bahi District: A case of Bahi, Nagulo and Uhelela Villages in Bahi Ward
(St John's University of Tanzania, 2015-07-28) Barnaba, Msangwa
This study sought to investigate household food insecurity and coping strategies among households in Bahi, Nagulo and Uhelela at Bahi ward in Bahi district. Specifically, the study aimed to: Examine the relationship between food insecurity and socio-economic characteristics of household in the study area, examine factors influencing food insecurity among households in the study area and to identify coping strategies adopted by households to mitigate food insecurity in the study area. A total of 110 respondents were sampled from the total population of 18293 from 4066 households in the ward. Data were collected by the use of structured questionnaire, focus group discussion and key informant interview guide. Data analysis was done by using SPSS - computer software program. Frequency tables, pie charts, and bar graphs were used to present the findings of the study. The study found that almost all households (96.9%) in the study area are food insecure except (3.1%) of the households. The study revealed that Reasons for food insecurity are mainly low rainfall (drought) shortage of land and poor production. People are applying several coping strategies such as; reducing number of meals from three to two and less than two, this was the main strategy to coup with food insecurity, others are; selling of livestock, migrating to other places, borrowing food from friends or relatives and doing causal laboring and small business. The study recommends that the government through the ministry of water and irrigation should modify and implement the present irrigation policies in all semi-arid areas (dry lands) in the country to ensure sustainable crop production as one of the measure to alleviate household food insecurity.
Household’s knowledge, attitudes and practices on the use of Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) in controlling Malaria: Cases of Itunge and Ngonga villages in Kyela District
(St John's University of Tanzania, 2015-07-28) Mwaiswelo, Duncan Mariam
Over years, Malaria has been major health concern in developing countries particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) were introduced to help the control of Malaria. To increase net ownership among people in Tanzania, the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MoHSW) introduced mass free distribution and subsidized ITNs. However, data concerning use as well as knowledge, attitudes and practices on ITNs are scarce. The objective of this study therefore, was to assess households’ knowledge, attitude and practices of ITNs in Kyela District. The specific objectives of the study were to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the household members on the use of ITNs, to investigate households’ practices in relation to the use of ITNs and also to assess factors influencing the adoption of the ITNs. The study adopted a cross sectional research design, and a total of 150 respondents were interviewed. Both primary and secondary data were used. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires, Focus Group Discussions and observation methods, while secondary data were collected from a review of various literatures obtained from libraries and through online sources. The collected data were analysed by using Statistical Package for Social Science version 21. Both qualitative and quantitative data were analysed through simple descriptive statistics, and relationship between variables was tested with Chi square. The study revealed that utilization of ITNs was low compared to the ownership, whereby nearly 72 % of the respondents reported to own ITNs, but utilization of the nets was reported by only 67 %. The study revealed also that ITNs utilization was not satisfactory in the surveyed villages. And the study found the knowledge gap regarding the issues of ITNs, where more than half (60 %) reported to have inadequate knowledge about ITNs, and nearly 40% of the respondents perceived the ITNs with negative attitude. The study found that negative attitudes on ITNs were attributed to the existing myths and misconceptions. The common reported myths and misconception were like ITNs may cause Male Erectile Dysfunction (MED), and that ITNs have got side effects. Thus, integrating public and private sector in promoting awareness among the people will improve the community’s knowledge and attitudes on ITNs hence proper bed nets utilization.
Assessment of the extent of income contribution of Bodaboda transport business to youth in Dodoma Municipality
(St John's University of Tanzania, 2015-07-28) Komba, Denis K
This study was carried out in Dodoma municipality. The study aimed on assessing the extent of income contribution of bodaboda transport business to youth in Dodoma Municipality. However specifically the study intended to: - identify the youth engaged in bodaboda transport business, determining the extent to which bodaboda transport business has benefited youth in terms of income, determining the extent to which youth’s income has improved during engagement with bodaboda transport business and their situation before engaging in the business and examining the challenges faced youth who were engaging on it upon generating their income. The study had a sample size of (N=90) youth who were engaging in riding bodaboda transport out of 944 youth in Dodoma Municipality. Survey research design was used whereby both quantitative and qualitative approaches were used. Treatment effect model was used to determine the challenges faced youth’s income generation in this business and the instruments for data collection consisted of checklist for interview and questionnaire. On top of that the study found out that, variables included in the model were good predictor for reporting challenges facing youth engaged in bodaboda business transport upon generating income (R2=70.5 %). In regarding to that, engaging in bodaboda transport business has benefited youth in terms of income. The income of youth noted to increase twice after joining bodaboda transport business. Also, it has been noted that, 93.3 % of the youth use income accrued from bodaboda business to buy food, helping their relatives and paying various civil obligations in the community. Bodaboda income helps them to pay house rent, to buy eating utensils, furniture and supporting them on medical services. Therefore, bodaboda transport business has a significant role towards promotion of youth income. Hence, the government needs to establish frequent training to youth to help them to know all road safety rules which will eventually ensure more safety, reduce accidents and bodaboda death related events to bodaboda riders, their clients and pedestrians.
Effective inclusion of smallholder Farmers in honey value chain in Tanzania. a case of Igulwa, Buntubili and Msonga villages in Bukombe District
(St John's University of Tanzania, 2015-07-28) Manjeka, Nuru
Bukombe district is among the areas in Tanzania with high potential of beekeeping due to its ecological suitability for miombo woodland and thus for beekeeping. The main actors in honey value chain in the district are smallholder farmers, traders, central and local governments and private money lenders. This study finds out that the regulating bodies in the district are less strict about applying beekeeping regulation to smallholder farmers. Majority of beekeeping farmers do not have access to processing facilities, lacking incentives, extension services are insufficient and also these farmers lack information on market and market price. Access to reliable honey market, bureaucracy on issuing permit to enter into game reserve, problem of quality and processing and packaging materials, are major challenges facing the smallholder farmers in the three selected villages of Bukombe district. The study also found out that the benefit of bees and honey for the majority of smallholder farmers are not fully realized because governance arrangement give power to other actors in honey value chain to set price for bee products; for example, beekeeping policy provide that the pricing of bee products and services from private and government will be based on free market value. The findings also discovered that beekeeping activities in the district are dominated by men where only few women keep bees
Knowledge, attitude and practices related to issues concerning population growth in community members of Chang’ombe street in Dodoma, Central Tanzania
(St John's University of Tanzania, 2015-07-28) Mwenda, Innocent Paul
This study explored knowledge, attitude and practice related to issues concerning population growth in community members of a selected densely populated area of Dodoma, Central Tanzania. The study employed qualitative and quantitative research approaches with a survey design. Interviews were conducted with 40 men and women aged 20 years and above living in Chang’ombe Street in Dodoma who were randomly selected. Thematic analysis was done to analyse qualitative data while percentages chi square and frequencies were used for quantitative data. Findings suggest that there is a statistically significant association between age, education level, marital status, occupation and preferred number of children (p<0.05). Hence preferred number of children increased as the age of the participant increased while it reduced as the level of education of participant increase. A reason like expecting children to help their parents during their old age was the main reason for having children. However 95% of all participants were aware of family planning; while the most commonly known methods among both men and women were birth control pill, injectables, and male and female condoms and natural methods. Furthermore, some of participants (65%) in the study area have observed to have positive attitude toward family planning, but despite their knowledge of FPM, usage was reported to be very low. Tin the aspect of population growth, majority of participants observed to understand the concept of population growth and its impact and recognise that there is a problem of population growth in Chang’ombe Street. This study concluded that issues of population growth are well known by participants but don’t seen their own role in creating the problem; while education has noted to be the major factor which shape behaviours of individuals so equal education opportunities especially secondary school uptake should be provided to all children
Assessing the levels of participation of men and women in fostering community development: A case of Mkoka Village, Dodoma Region
(St John's University of Tanzania, 2015-07-28) Malongoza, Emmanuel. B
Community participation is considered as of importance as the heart that pumps blood, and that for community development to be attained it has to be given tremendous consideration. The study was conducted at Mkoka village about community participation in fostering community development. The general objective of the study was to examine the levels of participation of men and women in fostering community development. However, general objective was divided into three specific objectives as follows; first, to compare and contrast the levels of participation between men and women in decision making process, second, to compare and contrast the levels of participation between men and women on means used to make decision, third, to compare and contrast the levels of participation between men and women on participation in decision making through Pretty’s Ladder of Participation. A total of 400 respondents were interviewed. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) program together with Cross-tabulation and Chi-square test were used to analyze data collected from the field. The study revealed that there is no significant difference between men and women in decision making process, means used to make decision related to development such as public meeting, suggestions from the village committee and/or both of them and Pretty’s Ladder of Participation. However, there is significant difference between men and women with regard to participation index done through Pretty’s Ladder of Participation. The total summed mean percentage for men is 3.272 which is higher than that of women 2.476. This indicates that men participate more compared to women. It is recommended that women must be actively involved in decision making process similarly to their male counterpart. This can improve empowerment of women. It is further recommended that participation should pave way to self mobilization. This can lead to optimal community development.
The knowledge, attitude and practice towards unprotected sex and emergency contraceptives among female university students in Tanzania: A case of St John’s University of Tanzania
(St John's University of Tanzania, 2016-07-28) Mohammed, Rajabu
This study intended at assess the knowledge, attitude and practice towards unprotected sex and emergency contraceptives among female University students in Tanzania and was done at the St John’s University of Tanzania among female students aged 18 years and above. The specific objectives of the study included; assessing the students’ knowledge about Emergency Contraceptives (EC), assessing students’ attitudes about sex and how can these affect their use of Emergency Contraceptives, assessing the utilization level of emergency contraceptive, and lastly utilizing findings to develop practical recommendations to the female students. In so doing, the knowledge, attitude and practice towards unprotected sex and emergency contraceptives among female University students were identified by looking at People with whom the respondent lived with, Respondents’ Attitude towards sex, Awareness about emergency contraceptives among female students, Knowledge about emergency contraceptives among female students, Attitude towards emergency contraception among SJUT female students, sexual practice among female students, Practice on emergency contraception among SJUT female university students. The study was a quantitative and used descriptive design that provided valuable baseline information. The data collected was primary in nature and was collected through questionnaires. The major findings of the study were that; majority of the respondents were below 24 years of age, most of the respondents were unmarried different respondents lived with different people such as family, friends and others alone, it was all right to have a boyfriend during University life, it is wrong for unmarried students to kiss each other, it was unnatural for female to initiate sex, it was better to abstain from sex until marriage, extra marital sex led to marital problems, students had a favorable attitude towards emergency contraceptives, respondents got information about emergency conceptive from leaflets, radio and TV, from university or college,respondents used pills contraceptives as emergency contraceptives, respondents used drug the same as in ordinary contraception and others used the same drug but stronger, the time limit for taking emergency contraceptive pills after unprotected sex was between within 12 hours and 72 hours (3 days),majority of the respondents acknowledge that the time limit for having an IUD (coil) fitted after unprotected sex was 72 hours(3 days) and below, most respondents obtained emergency contraception from Hospital /health centre, Community worker, private clinic, Pharmacy and supermarket, IUCD was effective in preventing a pregnancy, emergency contraceptives pills were effective in preventing pregnancy, emergency birth control methods were safe for most women, respondents disagreed that the provision of EC to students would encourage promiscuity. The study recommended that St John’s University of Tanzania needs to strengthen Information education and communication (IEC),health sector should develop a number of intervention steps/work to do in terms of seminars/workshops, enlightenment, orientation and educating the students, EC methods especially Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs),condoms should be available at all points of drug dispensing institutes including private, NGO and Government pharmacies, and clinics, Information education and communication (IEC) materials like pamphlet, news papers, posters etc should be available in the SJUT library, Counseling should be conducted in view of supporting and encouraging
Community participation in sustainable forest management: A case of Kiboriani mountain forest in Mpwapwa and Kongwa Districts
(St John's University of Tanzania, 2017-07-28) Chiwanga, Simon Eliya
The Kiboriani Mountain Forest which is shared by the two districts of Kongwa and Mpwapwa in Dodoma region is facing a problem of high rate of deforestation and biodiversity loss. Many studies which have been conducted highlights failure by the central and local government as forest managers to sustainably manage forest resources in Tanzania. Some of these studies have recommended for empowerment and effective participation of the local communities found within and adjacent to the forest resources. Community participation in sustainable forest management is very crucial for achieving conservation and livelihoods benefits. There is a knowledge gap in both Kongwa and Mpwapwa districts concerning how community members have been participating in managing sustainably the forest resources. The main objective of this research was to assess Community Participation in Sustainable Forest Management for Kiboriani Mountain Forest in Kongwa and Mpwapwa districts. This research was conducted in six out of the 30 villages found within and adjacent to Kiboriani Mountain Forest in Kongwa and Mpwapwa districts. The research deployed an exploratory cross sectional qualitative research design and used a phenomenology approach. Interviews, focus group discussions, direct observations and photographs were the tools used to collect primary data from the field. The research engaged 60 respondents and 6 study sites all of them purposively selected. A content and thematic analysis process was used for analysing the collected data. The research findings revealed that the level of awareness, knowledge and skills about community participation in sustainable forest management among all key stakeholders is very low in both districts. The research concludes that there is very limited Community Participation in Sustainable Forest Management for Kiboriani Mountain Forest in both Kongwa and Mpwapwa districts. This is also attributed to the ongoing high rate of deforestation and biodiversity loss in the study area. It is recommended that a comprehensive, integrated, multi-sectoral and multi-stakeholder sustainable forest management plan and strategy should be developed and effectively executed in both Kongwa and Mpwapwa districts for achieving sustainable management of the Kiboriani Mountain Forest
Assessment of livelihood standards among commercial motorcycle riders in Dodoma Municipality
(2017-07-28) Shirima, F. Zenais
This study was conducted in Dodoma municipality in relation to the livelihood standards of commercial motorcycle riders whereby, 85 respondents were conveniently selected. Primary data were collected from commercial motorcycle riders and owners from their work stations by means of questionnaires administration and interview. Secondary data were obtained through documentary review. Data processing and analysis was done through SPSS computer program version 20 and use of qualitative data analysis techniques such as questionnaires, Interviews and documentary review. Results from the study show that, commercial motorcycle transport business in Dodoma Municipality is predominantly gender-bias as it is mainly a male activity, as they are generally champions in the business of commercial transportation than their female counterparts. Majority of commercial motorcycle riders in Dodoma Municipality are less educated or illiterate whereas 56% lacks formal education it was however noted that, only 29% has attained primary education with less than 14% have secondary education and above. Married men in Dodoma Municipality do take up the commercial motorcycle riding business as alternative for their inability to secure job opportunity as well as to fulfill their economic and marital responsibilities of the household. Commercial motorcycle riders in Dodoma municipality have readily gone into the business without due training in terms of business management and training on driving and traffic rules this has resulted to at least six accidents each day. The study concluded that income generation, household size, motorcycle ownership and regulatory measures / policies positively influence livelihood standard of commercial motorcycle riders in Dodoma municipality. Commercial motorcycle industry provides a range of opportunities including employment to motorcycle mechanics and motorcycle spare parts dealers, local revenue generating sources through taxes/levies on motorcycle owners/riders as well as motorcycle registration and licensing.
Impacts of food insecurity on women’s participation in income generating activities in rural areas in Tanzania
(St John's University of Tanzania, 2017-07-28) Mahanga, M Happiness
Food insecurity has been one of the major calamities that faces Tanzania as one the developing countries. Food insecurity is not only the lack of food but also go far beyond availability, accessibility nutritious, at all times, at all places. The rural communities in Tanzania are mostly affected by the presence of food insecurity to a large extent. Food insecurity not only affects the affects in all sectors politically, socially and economically. This study is about the impacts of food insecurity on women in income generating activities in rural communities at the household level in Chamwino. In particular, it focuses on individual women entrepreneur, housewives and women who do not have strong production and marketing advantages and links. This study, therefore tries to show hoe food insecurity impacts women on income generating activities and to draw solutions on the way to solve the problem so that rural areas, urban and the nation at large to be safe from food insecurity to a large extent
Factors contributing to corruption in public health facilities in Tanzania: A case of Regional Referral and Makole District Hospitals in Dodoma
(St John's University of Tanzania, 2017-07-28) Khumbe, Boba Esther
The overall objective of this study is to identify and examine factors contributing to corruption in public health facilities in Tanzania; A case of Regional Referral and Makole District Hospitals in Dodoma. Specific objectives are:-To find out the causes of corruption in public health facilities, to assess the effects of corruption on health service delivery in Dodoma public hospitals and to find out government efforts to combat corruption in health sector. Research Questions include; what causes corruption in public health facilities?, how does corruption affect health care provision in public hospitals in Dodoma Urban? What efforts is the government of Tanzania taking to address corruption in health service delivery? Methodology for the execution of the study included literature review, individual interviews, Key Informant Interviews, Focus Group Discussion and observation. Results for factors contributing to corruption in Dodoma Referral and Makole District Hospital arranged in descending order are low wages and lack of allowances, political interference, circumstances and personal status, lack of ethics and moral decay, patients influence, imbalance of information, poor service and harassment. Effects of corruption included, misuse of money, economic burden to poor, inequality on patient care, inefficient low quality services, underdevelopment, less and poorly functioning medical equipment and women get less attention during delivery. The government of Tanzania is addressing corruption in health service delivery though Improvement of hospital facilities and structures by upgrading of the hospital to a referral level, capacity building of the staff and provision of health insurance for maternity and antenatal customers and corruption free campaigns in collaboration PCCB. It is concluded from the study that the major causes are; low wages and lack of allowance, poor service, un-certain circumstances, personal status, harassment, and imbalance of information, minor causes include lack of values ethics and moral decay and patients influence. Although Makole District Hospital recorded political interference as cause number one. It is recommended that improvements be done in Salaries, wages and incentives, involve collective efforts from the community and the most importantly improve service delivery systems.

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